Evidence-Based
Peptide Research
Comprehensive educational resource covering mechanisms of action, current research, potential benefits, and safety profiles — all backed by peer-reviewed citations.
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Featured Profiles
Popular peptides with strong research foundations
BPC-157
BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a protective protein found in gastric juice. It has been extensively studied in animal models for its remarkable tissue-healing properties across multiple organ systems.
Read full profile →VK2735
VK2735 is an investigational dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist developed by Viking Therapeutics. Phase 2 trials demonstrated substantial weight loss; Phase 3 maintenance dosing enrollment was completed in January 2026.
Read full profile →Epithalon
Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) derived from the pineal gland peptide Epithalamin. It is one of the most studied peptides for longevity and anti-aging effects, primarily through its ability to activate telomerase and elongate telomeres.
Read full profile →Semax
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) developed in Russia. It is registered as a drug in Russia and Ukraine for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and stroke treatment. It is studied for BDNF upregulation, memory enhancement, and anxiolytic effects.
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Browse by Category
Explore 8 research areas from healing and recovery to cognitive enhancement.
Find your peptide→Read Evidence-Based Profiles
Each profile covers mechanism of action, research evidence, safety, and legal status.
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Learn more→Most Researched
Peptides with the strongest human evidence base
PT-141
PT-141 (Bremelanotide) is an FDA-approved melanocortin receptor agonist used for hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in premenopausal women. It is the only FDA-approved drug specifically for female sexual dysfunction and works through the central nervous system rather than vascular mechanisms.
Read full profile →SS-31
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted peptide that selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it binds cardiolipin. It is studied for its ability to improve mitochondrial function, reduce oxidative stress, and protect against age-related and disease-driven mitochondrial dysfunction.
Read full profile →Thymosin Alpha-1
Thymosin Alpha-1 is a 28-amino acid peptide derived from thymosin fraction 5 of the thymus gland. It is an approved pharmaceutical drug in approximately 35 countries for hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and immune-compromised conditions, making it one of the few peptides with robust clinical validation for immune modulation.
Read full profile →MK-677
MK-677 (Ibutamoren) is an orally active, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin and stimulates GH and IGF-1 release. Unlike injectable GH peptides, it is taken orally and provides sustained GH elevation. It is studied for muscle growth, bone density, and metabolic effects.
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Explore by Category
Browse our research library organized by therapeutic area. Each profile includes mechanism of action, current research, and safety information.
Healing & Recovery
5Peptides that support tissue repair, gut healing, and injury recovery.
BPC-157
BPC-157 is a synthetic pentadecapeptide derived from a protective protein found in gastric juice. It has been extensively studied in animal models for its remarkable tissue-healing properties across multiple organ systems.
Read full profile →TB-500
TB-500 is a synthetic version of Thymosin Beta-4, a naturally occurring protein found in virtually all human and animal cells. It is studied for its role in actin regulation, wound healing, angiogenesis, and inflammation modulation.
Read full profile →KPV
KPV is a tripeptide derived from the C-terminal sequence of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). It is studied primarily for its potent anti-inflammatory and gut-healing properties, particularly in models of inflammatory bowel disease.
Read full profile →LL-37
LL-37 is the only human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide, naturally produced by neutrophils, epithelial cells, and other immune cells. It plays dual roles in host defense (antimicrobial activity) and tissue healing, and is studied for wound repair, immunomodulation, and anti-biofilm properties.
Read full profile →BPC-157 + TB-500 Combination
The BPC-157 + TB-500 combination ("healing stack") pairs two of the most studied healing peptides with complementary mechanisms. BPC-157 promotes angiogenesis and tissue repair via VEGF/FAK pathways; TB-500 promotes cell migration and angiogenesis via actin regulation. Together they are studied for enhanced musculoskeletal healing and recovery.
Read full profile →Anti-Aging
5Peptides researched for longevity, cellular repair, and age-related decline.
Epithalon
Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) derived from the pineal gland peptide Epithalamin. It is one of the most studied peptides for longevity and anti-aging effects, primarily through its ability to activate telomerase and elongate telomeres.
Read full profile →GHK-Cu
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (Glycine-Histidine-Lysine) found in human plasma. It has been extensively studied for its roles in wound healing, skin regeneration, anti-aging effects, and gene expression modulation, with over 4,000 genes reportedly influenced by its activity.
Read full profile →SS-31
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a synthetic mitochondria-targeted peptide that selectively concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it binds cardiolipin. It is studied for its ability to improve mitochondrial function, reduce oxidative stress, and protect against age-related and disease-driven mitochondrial dysfunction.
Read full profile →MOTS-c
MOTS-c is a 16-amino acid peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA region of mitochondrial DNA. Unlike nuclear-encoded peptides, it is a naturally occurring mitochondria-derived peptide (MDP) that activates AMPK, improves insulin sensitivity, and acts as an exercise mimetic in animal models. A 2025 Nature study expanded its research profile into neuroprotection and pancreatic islet senescence. RFK Jr. announced on February 27, 2026 that MOTS-c is among peptides expected to return to FDA Category 1 compoundable status; formal rule publication is pending as of April 2026.
Read full profile →Sermorelin
Sermorelin (Geref) is an FDA-approved synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) comprising the first 29 amino acids of endogenous GHRH. Originally approved in 1997 for the diagnosis and treatment of growth hormone deficiency in children, sermorelin is also used off-label in adults for age-related growth hormone decline and anti-aging protocols, prescribed through licensed clinics and compounding pharmacies.
Read full profile →Cognitive Enhancement
3Peptides studied for neuroprotection, memory, and mental clarity.
Semax
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide derived from ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) developed in Russia. It is registered as a drug in Russia and Ukraine for cognitive enhancement, neuroprotection, and stroke treatment. It is studied for BDNF upregulation, memory enhancement, and anxiolytic effects.
Read full profile →Selank
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide analog of the immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, developed in Russia. It is registered as a drug in Russia for anxiety disorders and is studied for its anxiolytic, nootropic, and immunomodulatory properties with a favorable side effect profile.
Read full profile →Dihexa
Dihexa is a small molecule peptide analog derived from Angiotensin IV, developed at Washington State University. It was studied as an extraordinarily potent cognitive enhancer; however, the foundational 2012 efficacy paper was retracted in April 2025 following a data-fabrication investigation, so previously reported potency claims should be treated as unsupported.
Read full profile →Performance & Growth
4Peptides that support growth hormone release, recovery, and physical performance.
CJC-1295
CJC-1295 is a synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) modified with Drug Affinity Complex (DAC) technology to extend its half-life from minutes to days. It stimulates pituitary GH secretion and is studied for muscle growth, fat loss, and recovery.
Read full profile →Ipamorelin
Ipamorelin is a selective growth hormone secretagogue and ghrelin receptor agonist. It is one of the most selective GH-releasing peptides available, stimulating GH release without significant effects on cortisol or prolactin — making it a preferred choice in performance and anti-aging research protocols.
Read full profile →MK-677
MK-677 (Ibutamoren) is an orally active, non-peptide growth hormone secretagogue that mimics ghrelin and stimulates GH and IGF-1 release. Unlike injectable GH peptides, it is taken orally and provides sustained GH elevation. It is studied for muscle growth, bone density, and metabolic effects.
Read full profile →Tesamorelin
Tesamorelin (Egrifta, Egrifta SV) is an FDA-approved synthetic analog of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) approved in 2010 for the treatment of excess abdominal fat (lipodystrophy) in HIV-infected adults receiving antiretroviral therapy. In controlled trials, tesamorelin produced a mean 15–18% reduction in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) versus placebo, with corresponding improvements in lipid profiles and patient-reported outcomes.
Read full profile →Immune Support
1Peptides that modulate and strengthen immune system function.
Weight Management
10Peptides researched for their effects on fat metabolism and body composition.
AOD-9604
AOD-9604 is a synthetic fragment of human growth hormone (hGH), specifically the C-terminal region (amino acids 176–191). Unlike full GH, AOD-9604 retains GH's fat-metabolizing properties without affecting blood glucose or IGF-1 levels, making it a more targeted weight management research compound.
Read full profile →VK2735
VK2735 is an investigational dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist developed by Viking Therapeutics. Phase 2 trials demonstrated substantial weight loss; Phase 3 maintenance dosing enrollment was completed in January 2026.
Read full profile →Retatrutide
Retatrutide (LY3437943) is an investigational triple agonist developed by Eli Lilly that simultaneously activates GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptors. Phase 2 clinical data demonstrated 24.2% mean body weight reduction at the highest dose over 48 weeks — the highest weight loss reported for any investigational obesity drug at that stage. The Phase 3 TRIUMPH-4 trial in adults with obesity and knee osteoarthritis subsequently reported up to 28.7% mean weight loss at 68 weeks alongside a 75.8% reduction in WOMAC knee pain. Phase 3 TRIUMPH trials remain ongoing as of May 2026.
Read full profile →Tirzepatide
Tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) is an FDA-approved dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly. In the SURMOUNT-1 Phase 3 trial, participants receiving the 15 mg weekly dose achieved a mean body weight reduction of 22.5% over 72 weeks alongside diet and exercise counseling — the highest published weight loss for any approved obesity pharmacotherapy at the time of approval.
Read full profile →Semaglutide
Semaglutide is an FDA-approved GLP-1 receptor agonist available in injectable form (Ozempic for type 2 diabetes; Wegovy for obesity) and oral form (Rybelsus for type 2 diabetes). In the STEP-1 Phase 3 trial, participants on Wegovy 2.4 mg weekly achieved a mean body weight reduction of 14.9% over 68 weeks alongside diet and exercise counseling, and the SELECT cardiovascular outcomes trial demonstrated a 20% reduction in MACE in adults with obesity and cardiovascular disease.
Read full profile →CagriSema
CagriSema is an investigational once-weekly subcutaneous fixed-dose combination of semaglutide 2.4 mg (a GLP-1 receptor agonist) and cagrilintide 2.4 mg (a long-acting amylin analog) developed by Novo Nordisk for chronic weight management. In the REDEFINE-1 Phase 3 trial published in the New England Journal of Medicine (2025), participants experienced an estimated mean body weight reduction of 20.4% over 68 weeks compared with 3.0% on placebo. As of April 2026, CagriSema is investigational and not approved by any regulatory authority.
Read full profile →Petrelintide
Petrelintide is an investigational long-acting amylin analog developed by Zealand Pharma and partnered with Roche for chronic weight management. Phase 2 ZUPREME-1 trial reported approximately 10.7% mean weight loss versus 1.7% placebo at 42 weeks, with 98% of participants reaching the maintenance dose — a tolerability profile that distinguishes it from the GLP-1 receptor agonist class. Phase 3 trials are scheduled to begin in the second half of 2026.
Read full profile →Survodutide
Survodutide (BI 456906) is an investigational glucagon/GLP-1 receptor dual agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma. In the SYNCHRONIZE-1 Phase 3 trial, adults with obesity or overweight without type 2 diabetes achieved up to 16.6% mean body weight reduction at 76 weeks versus 3.2% placebo. It also holds FDA Breakthrough Therapy designation for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), with Phase 3 LIVERAGE trials ongoing.
Read full profile →Eloralintide
Eloralintide (LY3841136) is an investigational selective amylin receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly. A Phase 2 Lancet trial (n=263, 48 weeks) reported dose-dependent weight loss up to 20.1% at the 9 mg dose versus 0.4% placebo. It activates the amylin 1 receptor (AMY1R) 12 times more potently than the calcitonin receptor — a selectivity profile that distinguishes it from unmodified amylin analogs. Phase 3 trials are initiating.
Read full profile →Amycretin
Amycretin (zenagamtide, NN 9487) is an investigational unimolecular GLP-1 receptor and amylin receptor co-agonist developed by Novo Nordisk for chronic weight management and type 2 diabetes. It is being studied in both subcutaneous and oral formulations. Phase 2 results reported approximately 22% weight loss with subcutaneous dosing at 36 weeks (obesity) and 14.5% weight loss with the oral formulation at 36 weeks (type 2 diabetes) with 89% of participants achieving HbA1c below 7%. The Phase 3 REDEFINE program is scheduled to begin in the first quarter of 2026.
Read full profile →Sexual Health
1Peptides studied for their effects on sexual function and arousal.
Sleep
1Peptides researched for sleep quality and circadian rhythm support.
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